feat: upgrade electric aircraft fidelity and flight model

src/aircraft/asset.ts

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-/** Original procedural electric V-tail aircraft, authored in metres and facing -Z. */
+/** Original procedural distributed-electric V-tail aircraft, authored in metres and facing -Z. */
 
 import * as THREE from "three";
 
 export const ELECTRIC_AIRCRAFT_METRICS = Object.freeze({
-  length: 8.4,
+  length: 8.8,
-  wingspan: 11.8,
+  wingspan: 12.4,
-  height: 2.45,
+  height: 2.55,
 });
 
 export interface ElectricAircraftMaterials {
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ export interface ElectricAircraftMaterials {
   accent: THREE.Material;
   glass: THREE.Material;
   dark: THREE.Material;
+  rotor: THREE.Material;
+  light: THREE.Material;
+  redLight: THREE.Material;
+  greenLight: THREE.Material;
 }
 
 export interface ElectricAircraftBuildOptions {
@@ -37,35 +41,51 @@ export interface AircraftSurfacePose {
 }
 
 export function createElectricAircraftMaterials(
-  bodyColor: THREE.ColorRepresentation = 0xe9edf0,
+  bodyColor: THREE.ColorRepresentation = 0xdfe5e8,
 ): ElectricAircraftMaterials {
   return {
     body: new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({
       name: "electric-aircraft.body",
       color: bodyColor,
-      metalness: 0.35,
+      metalness: 0.22,
-      roughness: 0.3,
+      roughness: 0.28,
-      clearcoat: 0.8,
+      clearcoat: 0.86,
+      clearcoatRoughness: 0.22,
     }),
-    accent: new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
+    accent: new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({
       name: "electric-aircraft.accent",
-      color: 0x178f83,
+      color: 0xc58b22,
-      metalness: 0.45,
+      metalness: 0.42,
-      roughness: 0.32,
+      roughness: 0.3,
+      clearcoat: 0.65,
     }),
     glass: new THREE.MeshPhysicalMaterial({
       name: "electric-aircraft.glass",
-      color: 0x19323c,
+      color: 0x10232d,
-      roughness: 0.12,
+      roughness: 0.08,
+      metalness: 0.08,
+      transmission: 0.08,
       transparent: true,
-      opacity: 0.82,
+      opacity: 0.86,
+      clearcoat: 1,
     }),
     dark: new THREE.MeshStandardMaterial({
       name: "electric-aircraft.dark",
-      color: 0x1a2022,
+      color: 0x151b20,
-      metalness: 0.7,
+      metalness: 0.68,
-      roughness: 0.34,
+      roughness: 0.3,
     }),
+    rotor: new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({
+      name: "electric-aircraft.rotor-disc",
+      color: 0x60717a,
+      transparent: true,
+      opacity: 0.15,
+      depthWrite: false,
+      side: THREE.DoubleSide,
+    }),
+    light: new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ name: "electric-aircraft.strobe", color: 0xf1fbff }),
+    redLight: new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ name: "electric-aircraft.nav-red", color: 0xff3c33 }),
+    greenLight: new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({ name: "electric-aircraft.nav-green", color: 0x44ff9a }),
   };
 }
 
@@ -81,50 +101,141 @@ function mesh(
   return value;
 }
 
-function wingGeometry(span: number, rootChord: number, tipChord: number): THREE.BufferGeometry {
+/** Smooth, tapered fuselage without the toy-like capsule/cone seam of the first asset. */
-  const half = span / 2;
+function fuselageGeometry(): THREE.BufferGeometry {
-  const vertices = new Float32Array([
+  const rings = [
-    0, 0, -rootChord / 2, half, 0, -tipChord / 2, half, 0, tipChord / 2,
+    { z: -4.4, y: 0.38, rx: 0.08, ry: 0.08 },
-    0, 0, rootChord / 2, -half, 0, tipChord / 2, -half, 0, -tipChord / 2,
+    { z: -4.05, y: 0.4, rx: 0.48, ry: 0.42 },
-  ]);
+    { z: -3.35, y: 0.44, rx: 0.7, ry: 0.62 },
+    { z: -1.5, y: 0.48, rx: 0.78, ry: 0.73 },
+    { z: 0.8, y: 0.48, rx: 0.68, ry: 0.64 },
+    { z: 2.7, y: 0.55, rx: 0.4, ry: 0.43 },
+    { z: 4.15, y: 0.65, rx: 0.11, ry: 0.12 },
+  ] as const;
+  const radialSegments = 18;
+  const positions: number[] = [];
+  const indices: number[] = [];
+  for (const ring of rings) {
+    for (let segment = 0; segment < radialSegments; segment += 1) {
+      const angle = segment / radialSegments * Math.PI * 2;
+      positions.push(
+        Math.cos(angle) * ring.rx,
+        ring.y + Math.sin(angle) * ring.ry,
+        ring.z,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  for (let ring = 0; ring < rings.length - 1; ring += 1) {
+    for (let segment = 0; segment < radialSegments; segment += 1) {
+      const next = (segment + 1) % radialSegments;
+      const a = ring * radialSegments + segment;
+      const b = ring * radialSegments + next;
+      const c = (ring + 1) * radialSegments + segment;
+      const d = (ring + 1) * radialSegments + next;
+      indices.push(a, c, b, b, c, d);
+    }
+  }
   const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
-  geometry.setAttribute("position", new THREE.BufferAttribute(vertices, 3));
+  geometry.setAttribute("position", new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(positions, 3));
-  // Counter-clockwise from above. The reverse winding points the generated
+  geometry.setIndex(indices);
-  // normals down, so Three.js culls the whole wing from the chase/flyover view
-  // while still drawing its shadow — leaving only two apparently floating
-  // ailerons around the fuselage.
-  geometry.setIndex([0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 4, 3, 0, 5, 4]);
   geometry.computeVertexNormals();
   return geometry;
 }
 
-function addFan(root: THREE.Group, x: number, materials: ElectricAircraftMaterials): THREE.Group {
+/** Closed, dihedral wing prism: visible from above, below, and during a steep bank. */
+function wingGeometry(span: number, rootChord: number, tipChord: number): THREE.BufferGeometry {
+  const half = span / 2;
+  const thickness = 0.18;
+  const tipRise = 0.38;
+  const planform = [
+    [0, -rootChord / 2], [half, -tipChord / 2], [half, tipChord / 2],
+    [0, rootChord / 2], [-half, tipChord / 2], [-half, -tipChord / 2],
+  ] as const;
+  const positions: number[] = [];
+  for (const y of [thickness / 2, -thickness / 2]) {
+    for (const [x, z] of planform) positions.push(x, y + Math.abs(x / half) * tipRise, z);
+  }
+  const indices: number[] = [];
+  indices.push(0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 4, 3, 0, 5, 4);
+  indices.push(6, 7, 8, 6, 8, 9, 6, 9, 10, 6, 10, 11);
+  for (let edge = 0; edge < 6; edge += 1) {
+    const next = (edge + 1) % 6;
+    indices.push(edge, next + 6, edge + 6, edge, next, next + 6);
+  }
+  const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+  geometry.setAttribute("position", new THREE.Float32BufferAttribute(positions, 3));
+  geometry.setIndex(indices);
+  geometry.computeVertexNormals();
+  return geometry;
+}
+
+function addPanelLine(
+  root: THREE.Group,
+  points: readonly THREE.Vector3[],
+  name: string,
+): void {
+  const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry().setFromPoints([...points]);
+  const line = new THREE.Line(
+    geometry,
+    new THREE.LineBasicMaterial({ color: 0x59656b, transparent: true, opacity: 0.7 }),
+  );
+  line.name = name;
+  root.add(line);
+}
+
+const TWO_PI = Math.PI * 2;
+
+function addFan(
+  root: THREE.Group,
+  x: number,
+  ordinal: number,
+  materials: ElectricAircraftMaterials,
+): THREE.Group {
   const fan = new THREE.Group();
-  fan.name = x < 0 ? "electric-aircraft.fan-left" : "electric-aircraft.fan-right";
+  const side = x < 0 ? "left" : "right";
-  fan.position.set(x, 0.02, -0.48);
+  const sideOrdinal = ordinal < 3 ? ordinal : 5 - ordinal;
-  const nacelle = mesh(new THREE.CapsuleGeometry(0.25, 0.72, 5, 10), materials.accent, `${fan.name}:nacelle`);
+  fan.name = sideOrdinal === 0
+    ? `electric-aircraft.fan-${side}`
+    : `electric-aircraft.fan-${side}-${sideOrdinal === 1 ? "mid" : "outer"}`;
+  fan.position.set(x, 0.5 + Math.abs(x) * 0.035, -0.52 + Math.abs(x) * 0.015);
+
+  const nacelle = mesh(
+    new THREE.CapsuleGeometry(0.18, 0.56, 4, 10),
+    materials.accent,
+    `${fan.name}:nacelle`,
+  );
   nacelle.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2;
-  nacelle.position.set(x, 0.02, -0.12);
+  nacelle.position.z = 0.16;
-  root.add(nacelle);
+  fan.add(nacelle);
-  const hub = mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(0.11, 0.11, 0.14, 12), materials.dark, `${fan.name}:hub`);
+  const hub = mesh(new THREE.CylinderGeometry(0.1, 0.1, 0.16, 12), materials.dark, `${fan.name}:hub`);
   hub.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2;
   fan.add(hub);
   for (let index = 0; index < 5; index += 1) {
     const angle = index * TWO_PI / 5;
-    const blade = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.07, 0.68, 0.025), materials.dark, `${fan.name}:blade-${index}`);
+    const blade = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.055, 0.58, 0.018), materials.dark, `${fan.name}:blade-${index}`);
-    // Place every blade on its own radial spoke. Rotating five differently
+    blade.position.set(-Math.sin(angle) * 0.25, Math.cos(angle) * 0.25, 0);
-    // oriented rectangles around the same off-centre point makes a lopsided
-    // paddle; matching centre and local +Y to this angle produces a balanced
-    // rotor whose group can spin continuously around the hub.
-    blade.position.set(-Math.sin(angle) * 0.3, Math.cos(angle) * 0.3, 0);
     blade.rotation.z = angle;
     fan.add(blade);
   }
+  const disc = mesh(new THREE.CircleGeometry(0.61, 24), materials.rotor, `${fan.name}:motion-disc`);
+  disc.position.z = -0.018;
+  fan.add(disc);
   root.add(fan);
   return fan;
 }
 
-const TWO_PI = Math.PI * 2;
+function addLight(
+  root: THREE.Group,
+  name: string,
+  position: THREE.Vector3Tuple,
+  material: THREE.Material,
+  radius = 0.075,
+): void {
+  const value = mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(radius, 10, 6), material, name);
+  value.position.set(...position);
+  value.castShadow = false;
+  root.add(value);
+}
 
 export function buildElectricAircraft(options: ElectricAircraftBuildOptions = {}): ElectricAircraftRig {
   const ownsMaterials = options.materials === undefined;
@@ -134,32 +245,45 @@ export function buildElectricAircraft(options: ElectricAircraftBuildOptions = {}
   root.userData.kind = "aircraft";
   root.userData.aircraftModel = "electric-vtail";
   root.userData.forwardAxis = "-Z";
+  root.userData.design = "lumbridge-de6";
 
-  const fuselage = mesh(new THREE.CapsuleGeometry(0.66, 5.9, 8, 16), materials.body, "electric-aircraft:fuselage");
+  root.add(mesh(fuselageGeometry(), materials.body, "electric-aircraft:fuselage"));
-  fuselage.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2;
+
-  fuselage.position.y = 0.42;
+  const lowerNose = mesh(new THREE.ConeGeometry(0.34, 1.25, 16), materials.accent, "electric-aircraft:nose-keel");
-  root.add(fuselage);
+  lowerNose.rotation.x = -Math.PI / 2;
-  const nose = mesh(new THREE.ConeGeometry(0.64, 1.7, 18), materials.accent, "electric-aircraft:nose");
+  lowerNose.position.set(0, 0.18, -3.9);
-  nose.rotation.x = -Math.PI / 2;
+  lowerNose.scale.set(1, 0.48, 1);
-  nose.position.set(0, 0.42, -3.8);
+  root.add(lowerNose);
-  root.add(nose);
+
-  const canopy = mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(0.68, 16, 8), materials.glass, "electric-aircraft:canopy");
+  const canopy = mesh(new THREE.SphereGeometry(0.72, 20, 10), materials.glass, "electric-aircraft:canopy");
-  canopy.scale.set(0.8, 0.52, 1.55);
+  canopy.scale.set(0.82, 0.55, 1.68);
-  canopy.position.set(0, 1.02, -0.9);
+  canopy.position.set(0, 1.05, -1.0);
   root.add(canopy);
-  const wing = mesh(wingGeometry(11.8, 2.25, 0.72), materials.body, "electric-aircraft:wing");
+  const canopySpine = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.055, 0.07, 2.0), materials.dark, "electric-aircraft:canopy-spine");
-  wing.position.set(0, 0.46, 0.05);
+  canopySpine.position.set(0, 1.43, -0.98);
+  root.add(canopySpine);
+
+  const wing = mesh(wingGeometry(ELECTRIC_AIRCRAFT_METRICS.wingspan, 2.45, 0.82), materials.body, "electric-aircraft:wing");
+  wing.position.set(0, 0.5, 0.05);
   root.add(wing);
+  addPanelLine(root, [
+    new THREE.Vector3(-5.7, 0.98, 0.12),
+    new THREE.Vector3(0, 0.6, 0.26),
+    new THREE.Vector3(5.7, 0.98, 0.12),
+  ], "electric-aircraft:wing-panel-line");
 
   const leftAileron = new THREE.Group();
   const rightAileron = new THREE.Group();
   leftAileron.name = "electric-aircraft.aileron-left";
   rightAileron.name = "electric-aircraft.aileron-right";
-  for (const [joint, x] of [[leftAileron, -4.2], [rightAileron, 4.2]] as const) {
+  for (const [joint, x, rise] of [
-    // On the tapered wing's trailing edge. At 0.72 the outer leading corner
+    [leftAileron, -4.45, 0.29],
-    // sat behind the tip chord and the bright surface read as a floating bar.
+    [rightAileron, 4.45, 0.29],
-    joint.position.set(x, 0.48, 0.58);
+  ] as const) {
-    joint.add(mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(2.15, 0.08, 0.45), materials.accent, `${joint.name}:surface`));
+    joint.position.set(x, 0.62 + rise, 0.56);
+    const surface = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(2.15, 0.09, 0.43), materials.accent, `${joint.name}:surface`);
+    surface.rotation.z = x < 0 ? -0.055 : 0.055;
+    joint.add(surface);
     root.add(joint);
   }
 
@@ -168,18 +292,38 @@ export function buildElectricAircraft(options: ElectricAircraftBuildOptions = {}
   leftVTail.name = "electric-aircraft.v-tail-left";
   rightVTail.name = "electric-aircraft.v-tail-right";
   for (const [joint, x, tilt] of [
-    [leftVTail, -0.32, -0.72],
+    [leftVTail, -0.28, -0.68],
-    [rightVTail, 0.32, 0.72],
+    [rightVTail, 0.28, 0.68],
   ] as const) {
-    joint.position.set(x, 0.63, 3.2);
+    joint.position.set(x, 0.68, 3.0);
     joint.rotation.z = tilt;
-    const surface = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.1, 1.85, 1.15), materials.body, `${joint.name}:surface`);
+    const surface = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.16, 1.88, 1.45), materials.body, `${joint.name}:surface`);
-    surface.position.y = 0.72;
+    surface.position.set(0, 0.72, 0.16);
     joint.add(surface);
+    const ruddervator = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.18, 1.5, 0.34), materials.accent, `${joint.name}:ruddervator`);
+    ruddervator.position.set(0, 0.72, 0.88);
+    joint.add(ruddervator);
     root.add(joint);
   }
 
-  const fans = [addFan(root, -2.1, materials), addFan(root, 2.1, materials)];
+  const belly = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.92, 0.22, 2.65), materials.dark, "electric-aircraft:battery-belly");
+  belly.position.set(0, -0.16, 0.15);
+  root.add(belly);
+  for (const x of [-0.56, 0.56]) {
+    const door = mesh(new THREE.BoxGeometry(0.38, 0.045, 0.86), materials.accent, `electric-aircraft:gear-door-${x < 0 ? "left" : "right"}`);
+    door.position.set(x, -0.29, 0.42);
+    root.add(door);
+  }
+
+  const fanPositions = [-4.45, -3.05, -1.68, 1.68, 3.05, 4.45] as const;
+  const fans = fanPositions.map((x, index) => addFan(root, x, index, materials));
+
+  addLight(root, "electric-aircraft:nav-left", [-6.05, 0.96, 0.08], materials.redLight, 0.09);
+  addLight(root, "electric-aircraft:nav-right", [6.05, 0.96, 0.08], materials.greenLight, 0.09);
+  addLight(root, "electric-aircraft:strobe-left", [-4.9, 0.98, 0.18], materials.light);
+  addLight(root, "electric-aircraft:strobe-right", [4.9, 0.98, 0.18], materials.light);
+  addLight(root, "electric-aircraft:tail-light", [0, 1.35, 4.0], materials.light, 0.065);
+
   root.traverse((item) => {
     if (item instanceof THREE.Mesh) {
       item.geometry.computeBoundingBox();
@@ -216,10 +360,15 @@ export function disposeElectricAircraft(rig: ElectricAircraftRig): void {
   const geometries = new Set<THREE.BufferGeometry>();
   const materials = new Set<THREE.Material>();
   rig.root.traverse((item) => {
-    if (!(item instanceof THREE.Mesh)) return;
+    if (item instanceof THREE.Mesh) {
-    geometries.add(item.geometry);
+      geometries.add(item.geometry);
-    const values = Array.isArray(item.material) ? item.material : [item.material];
+      const values = Array.isArray(item.material) ? item.material : [item.material];
-    for (const material of values) materials.add(material);
+      for (const material of values) materials.add(material);
+    } else if (item instanceof THREE.Line) {
+      geometries.add(item.geometry);
+      const values = Array.isArray(item.material) ? item.material : [item.material];
+      for (const material of values) materials.add(material);
+    }
   });
   for (const geometry of geometries) geometry.dispose();
   if (rig.ownsMaterials) for (const material of materials) material.dispose();

src/aircraft/controller.ts

@@ -65,6 +65,15 @@ export interface AircraftControllerOptions {
   maximumSpeedMps?: number;
   assistedCruiseMps?: number;
   assistedAltitudeM?: number;
+  /** Deterministic scenario wind, positive north/east in metres per second. */
+  windNorthMps?: number;
+  windEastMps?: number;
+  /** Deterministic sinusoidal gust amplitude. Zero disables turbulence. */
+  turbulenceMps?: number;
+  stallSpeedMps?: number;
+  batteryCapacityWh?: number;
+  /** Terrain/runway elevation callback used for ground contact and landing. */
+  terrainElevationM?: (lat: number, lng: number) => number;
   fixedStepSeconds?: number;
   maxFrameDeltaSeconds?: number;
 }
@@ -84,6 +93,17 @@ export interface AircraftControllerState extends AircraftGeographicPoint {
   pitchInput: number;
   rollInput: number;
   fanRadians: number;
+  angleOfAttackDeg: number;
+  liftCoefficient: number;
+  loadFactorG: number;
+  stalled: boolean;
+  windNorthMps: number;
+  windEastMps: number;
+  batteryWh: number;
+  energyUsedWh: number;
+  groundClearanceM: number;
+  onGround: boolean;
+  hardLanding: boolean;
   envelopeContact: boolean;
   elapsedSteps: number;
 }
@@ -118,6 +138,12 @@ interface ResolvedOptions {
   maximumSpeedMps: number;
   assistedCruiseMps: number;
   assistedAltitudeM: number;
+  windNorthMps: number;
+  windEastMps: number;
+  turbulenceMps: number;
+  stallSpeedMps: number;
+  batteryCapacityWh: number;
+  terrainElevationM: (lat: number, lng: number) => number;
   fixedStepSeconds: number;
   maxFrameDeltaSeconds: number;
 }
@@ -199,6 +225,15 @@ function resolveOptions(value: AircraftControllerOptions): ResolvedOptions {
     envelope.minAltitudeM,
     envelope.maxAltitudeM,
   );
+  const stallSpeedMps = clamp(
+    finiteOr(value.stallSpeedMps, Math.max(18, minimumSpeedMps + 3)),
+    minimumSpeedMps,
+    maximumSpeedMps * 0.8,
+  );
+  const terrainElevationM = value.terrainElevationM ?? (() => envelope.minAltitudeM);
+  if (typeof terrainElevationM !== "function") {
+    throw new RangeError("aircraft terrainElevationM must be a function");
+  }
   return {
     initialPosition: {
       lat: clamp(finiteOr(value.initialPosition?.lat, 34.0522), envelope.minLat, envelope.maxLat),
@@ -214,6 +249,12 @@ function resolveOptions(value: AircraftControllerOptions): ResolvedOptions {
     maximumSpeedMps,
     assistedCruiseMps: clamp(finiteOr(value.assistedCruiseMps, 62), minimumSpeedMps, maximumSpeedMps),
     assistedAltitudeM,
+    windNorthMps: clamp(finiteOr(value.windNorthMps, 0), -80, 80),
+    windEastMps: clamp(finiteOr(value.windEastMps, 0), -80, 80),
+    turbulenceMps: clamp(finiteOr(value.turbulenceMps, 0), 0, 30),
+    stallSpeedMps,
+    batteryCapacityWh: clamp(finiteOr(value.batteryCapacityWh, 54_000), 1_000, 500_000),
+    terrainElevationM,
     fixedStepSeconds: clamp(finiteOr(value.fixedStepSeconds, 1 / 60), 1 / 240, 0.1),
     maxFrameDeltaSeconds: clamp(finiteOr(value.maxFrameDeltaSeconds, 0.25), 0.05, 1),
   };
@@ -264,6 +305,17 @@ export class AircraftController {
       pitchInput: 0,
       rollInput: 0,
       fanRadians: 0,
+      angleOfAttackDeg: 0,
+      liftCoefficient: 1,
+      loadFactorG: 1,
+      stalled: false,
+      windNorthMps: this.options.windNorthMps,
+      windEastMps: this.options.windEastMps,
+      batteryWh: this.options.batteryCapacityWh,
+      energyUsedWh: 0,
+      groundClearanceM: 0,
+      onGround: false,
+      hardLanding: false,
       envelopeContact: false,
       elapsedSteps: 0,
     };
@@ -299,11 +351,33 @@ export class AircraftController {
       pitchInput: 0,
       rollInput: 0,
       fanRadians: 0,
+      angleOfAttackDeg: 0,
+      liftCoefficient: 1,
+      loadFactorG: 1,
+      stalled: false,
+      windNorthMps: this.options.windNorthMps,
+      windEastMps: this.options.windEastMps,
+      batteryWh: this.options.batteryCapacityWh,
+      energyUsedWh: 0,
+      groundClearanceM: Math.max(0, this.options.initialAltitudeM - this.groundElevationM(
+        this.options.initialPosition.lat,
+        this.options.initialPosition.lng,
+      )),
+      onGround: false,
+      hardLanding: false,
       envelopeContact: false,
       elapsedSteps: 0,
     });
   }
 
+  private groundElevationM(lat: number, lng: number): number {
+    const value = this.options.terrainElevationM(lat, lng);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(value)) {
+      throw new RangeError("aircraft terrainElevationM must return a finite elevation");
+    }
+    return clamp(value, this.options.envelope.minAltitudeM, this.options.envelope.maxAltitudeM);
+  }
+
   tick(deltaSeconds: number, actions: Partial<AircraftActionSnapshot> = NEUTRAL_AIRCRAFT_ACTIONS): number {
     if (!Number.isFinite(deltaSeconds) || deltaSeconds <= 0) return 0;
     const normalized = normalizeAircraftActions(actions);
@@ -358,12 +432,28 @@ export class AircraftController {
     this.current.pitchInput = moveToward(this.current.pitchInput, pitch, 2.2 * dt);
     this.current.rollInput = moveToward(this.current.rollInput, roll, 2.8 * dt);
 
-    const targetRoll = this.current.rollInput * 58;
+    const gustPhase = this.current.elapsedSteps * dt * 0.73;
-    const targetPitch = this.current.pitchInput * 22;
+    const gustNorth = Math.sin(gustPhase) * this.options.turbulenceMps;
+    const gustEast = Math.sin(gustPhase * 0.61 + 1.7) * this.options.turbulenceMps * 0.72;
+    this.current.windNorthMps = this.options.windNorthMps + gustNorth;
+    this.current.windEastMps = this.options.windEastMps + gustEast;
+
+    const targetRoll = this.current.rollInput * 58 + gustEast * 0.22;
+    const targetPitch = this.current.pitchInput * 22 + gustNorth * 0.08;
     this.current.rollDeg = moveToward(this.current.rollDeg, targetRoll, 55 * dt);
     this.current.pitchDeg = moveToward(this.current.pitchDeg, targetPitch, 28 * dt);
-    const thrust = this.current.throttle * 8.5;
+    const flightPathDeg = Math.atan2(
-    const drag = 1.2 + this.current.speedMps * this.current.speedMps * 0.00075;
+      this.current.verticalSpeedMps,
+      Math.max(1, this.current.speedMps),
+    ) * 180 / Math.PI;
+    this.current.angleOfAttackDeg = this.current.pitchDeg - flightPathDeg;
+    this.current.liftCoefficient = clamp(1 + this.current.angleOfAttackDeg * 0.055, 0.05, 1.6);
+    this.current.stalled = this.current.speedMps < this.options.stallSpeedMps ||
+      Math.abs(this.current.angleOfAttackDeg) > 19;
+    const stallDrag = this.current.stalled ? 3.8 : 0;
+    const batteryFactor = clamp(this.current.batteryWh / Math.max(1, this.options.batteryCapacityWh * 0.08), 0, 1);
+    const thrust = this.current.throttle * 8.5 * batteryFactor;
+    const drag = 1.2 + this.current.speedMps * this.current.speedMps * 0.00075 + stallDrag;
     this.current.speedMps = clamp(
       this.current.speedMps + (thrust - drag) * dt,
       this.options.minimumSpeedMps,
@@ -373,16 +463,55 @@ export class AircraftController {
     this.current.headingDeg = wrapDegrees(
       this.current.headingDeg + (bankTurn + this.current.yawInput * 20) * dt,
     );
-    this.current.verticalSpeedMps = Math.sin(this.current.pitchDeg * Math.PI / 180) * this.current.speedMps;
+    const liftAuthority = clamp(
+      this.current.liftCoefficient * (this.current.speedMps / Math.max(1, this.options.assistedCruiseMps)),
+      0.08,
+      1.35,
+    );
+    const commandedVerticalSpeed = Math.sin(this.current.pitchDeg * Math.PI / 180) *
+      this.current.speedMps * liftAuthority;
+    const stallSinkMps = this.current.stalled
+      ? clamp((this.options.stallSpeedMps - this.current.speedMps) * 0.7 + 2.5, 2.5, 14)
+      : 0;
+    this.current.verticalSpeedMps = moveToward(
+      this.current.verticalSpeedMps,
+      commandedVerticalSpeed - stallSinkMps,
+      (this.current.stalled ? 8 : 5) * dt,
+    );
+    this.current.loadFactorG = clamp(
+      liftAuthority / Math.max(0.25, Math.cos(this.current.rollDeg * Math.PI / 180)),
+      0,
+      3.5,
+    );
 
     const heading = this.current.headingDeg * Math.PI / 180;
     const horizontalSpeed = Math.cos(this.current.pitchDeg * Math.PI / 180) * this.current.speedMps;
-    const northM = Math.cos(heading) * horizontalSpeed * dt;
+    const northM = (Math.cos(heading) * horizontalSpeed + this.current.windNorthMps) * dt;
-    const eastM = Math.sin(heading) * horizontalSpeed * dt;
+    const eastM = (Math.sin(heading) * horizontalSpeed + this.current.windEastMps) * dt;
     const nextLat = this.current.lat + northM / EARTH_RADIUS_M * 180 / Math.PI;
     const nextLng = this.current.lng + eastM /
       (EARTH_RADIUS_M * Math.max(0.01, Math.cos(this.current.lat * Math.PI / 180))) * 180 / Math.PI;
-    const nextAltitude = this.current.altitudeM + this.current.verticalSpeedMps * dt;
+    let nextAltitude = this.current.altitudeM + this.current.verticalSpeedMps * dt;
+    const groundElevationM = this.groundElevationM(nextLat, nextLng);
+    const wasVerticalSpeedMps = this.current.verticalSpeedMps;
+    this.current.onGround = nextAltitude <= groundElevationM + 0.75;
+    this.current.hardLanding = this.current.onGround && wasVerticalSpeedMps < -4.5;
+    if (this.current.onGround) {
+      nextAltitude = groundElevationM;
+      this.current.verticalSpeedMps = 0;
+      this.current.rollDeg = moveToward(this.current.rollDeg, 0, 70 * dt);
+      this.current.pitchDeg = moveToward(this.current.pitchDeg, 0, 45 * dt);
+      if (this.current.throttle < 0.55) {
+        this.current.speedMps = Math.max(this.options.minimumSpeedMps, this.current.speedMps - 4 * dt);
+      } else if (
+        this.current.speedMps > this.options.stallSpeedMps * 1.08 &&
+        this.current.pitchInput > 0.2
+      ) {
+        this.current.onGround = false;
+        nextAltitude = groundElevationM + 0.8;
+        this.current.verticalSpeedMps = 0.8;
+      }
+    }
     const envelope = this.options.envelope;
     this.current.envelopeContact =
       nextLat < envelope.minLat || nextLat > envelope.maxLat ||
@@ -391,12 +520,18 @@ export class AircraftController {
     this.current.lat = clamp(nextLat, envelope.minLat, envelope.maxLat);
     this.current.lng = clamp(nextLng, envelope.minLng, envelope.maxLng);
     this.current.altitudeM = clamp(nextAltitude, envelope.minAltitudeM, envelope.maxAltitudeM);
+    this.current.groundClearanceM = Math.max(0, this.current.altitudeM - groundElevationM);
     if (this.current.envelopeContact) {
       this.current.speedMps = Math.max(this.options.minimumSpeedMps, this.current.speedMps * 0.92);
       this.current.pitchDeg = moveToward(this.current.pitchDeg, 0, 90 * dt);
       this.current.rollDeg = moveToward(this.current.rollDeg, 0, 90 * dt);
     }
     this.current.fanRadians = (this.current.fanRadians + (30 + this.current.throttle * 180) * dt) % TWO_PI;
+    const electricalPowerW = 8_000 + this.current.throttle * 122_000 +
+      Math.abs(this.current.verticalSpeedMps) * 420;
+    const usedWh = Math.min(this.current.batteryWh, electricalPowerW * dt / 3_600);
+    this.current.batteryWh -= usedWh;
+    this.current.energyUsedWh += usedWh;
     this.current.elapsedSteps += 1;
   }
 }

src/realtime/scenePeers.ts

@@ -153,16 +153,19 @@ function childGroup(root: THREE.Group, name: string): THREE.Group {
 
 function cloneAircraft(prototype: ElectricAircraftRig): ElectricAircraftRig {
   const root = prototype.root.clone(true);
+  const fans: THREE.Group[] = [];
+  root.traverse((value) => {
+    if (value instanceof THREE.Group && value.name.startsWith("electric-aircraft.fan-")) {
+      fans.push(value);
+    }
+  });
   return {
     root,
     leftAileron: childGroup(root, "electric-aircraft.aileron-left"),
     rightAileron: childGroup(root, "electric-aircraft.aileron-right"),
     leftVTail: childGroup(root, "electric-aircraft.v-tail-left"),
     rightVTail: childGroup(root, "electric-aircraft.v-tail-right"),
-    fans: [
+    fans,
-      childGroup(root, "electric-aircraft.fan-left"),
-      childGroup(root, "electric-aircraft.fan-right"),
-    ],
     ownsMaterials: false,
   };
 }

src/test/aircraft.test.ts

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe("procedural electric aircraft", () => {
     assert.equal(rig.root.name, "electric-aircraft");
     assert.equal(rig.root.userData.forwardAxis, "-Z");
     assert.equal(rig.root.userData.aircraftModel, "electric-vtail");
-    assert.equal(rig.fans.length, 2);
+    assert.equal(rig.fans.length, 6);
     assert.equal(rig.ownsMaterials, true);
     assert.ok(ELECTRIC_AIRCRAFT_METRICS.wingspan > ELECTRIC_AIRCRAFT_METRICS.length);
     const bounds = new THREE.Box3().setFromObject(rig.root);
@@ -39,8 +39,13 @@ describe("procedural electric aircraft", () => {
     const wing = rig.root.getObjectByName("electric-aircraft:wing");
     assert.ok(wing instanceof THREE.Mesh);
     const normals = wing.geometry.getAttribute("normal");
-    assert.ok(normals && Array.from({ length: normals.count }, (_, index) => normals.getY(index)).every((y) => y > 0),
+    assert.ok(normals && Array.from({ length: normals.count }, (_, index) => normals.getY(index)).some((y) => y > 0.5),
-      "wing front faces point toward the chase/flyover camera");
+      "wing has a readable upper airfoil surface");
+    assert.ok(normals && Array.from({ length: normals.count }, (_, index) => normals.getY(index)).some((y) => y < -0.5),
+      "wing is a closed prism that remains visible from below");
+    assert.ok(rig.root.getObjectByName("electric-aircraft:canopy-spine"));
+    assert.ok(rig.root.getObjectByName("electric-aircraft:nav-left"));
+    assert.ok(rig.root.getObjectByName("electric-aircraft:gear-door-left"));
     disposeElectricAircraft(rig);
     assert.equal(rig.root.children.length, 0);
   });
@@ -56,7 +61,7 @@ describe("procedural electric aircraft", () => {
       ).multiplyScalar(1 / blades.length);
       assert.ok(centroid.length() < 1e-12, `fan centroid ${centroid.toArray()}`);
       for (const blade of blades) {
-        assert.ok(Math.abs(blade.position.length() - 0.3) < 1e-12);
+        assert.ok(Math.abs(blade.position.length() - 0.25) < 1e-12);
         const radial = new THREE.Vector3(0, 1, 0).applyQuaternion(blade.quaternion);
         assert.ok(radial.angleTo(blade.position.clone().normalize()) < 1e-7);
       }
@@ -168,6 +173,66 @@ describe("aircraft controller", () => {
     assert.equal(controller.state().envelopeContact, true);
   });
 
+  it("models deterministic wind, energy use, lift telemetry, and stalls", () => {
+    const options = {
+      mode: "manual" as const,
+      initialSpeedMps: 20,
+      minimumSpeedMps: 18,
+      stallSpeedMps: 25,
+      windNorthMps: 7,
+      windEastMps: -4,
+      turbulenceMps: 2,
+      batteryCapacityWh: 2_000,
+      fixedStepSeconds: 0.05,
+    };
+    const a = new AircraftController(options);
+    const b = new AircraftController(options);
+    for (let index = 0; index < 200; index += 1) {
+      a.stepFixed({ throttle: 0.15, pitch: 0.7, roll: 0.2 });
+      b.stepFixed({ throttle: 0.15, pitch: 0.7, roll: 0.2 });
+    }
+    assert.deepEqual(a.snapshot(), b.snapshot());
+    assert.equal(a.state().stalled, true);
+    assert.ok(a.state().angleOfAttackDeg > 0);
+    assert.ok(a.state().verticalSpeedMps < 0, "a deep low-speed stall loses altitude");
+    assert.ok(a.state().energyUsedWh > 0);
+    assert.ok(a.state().batteryWh < 2_000);
+    assert.notEqual(a.state().windNorthMps, 7, "deterministic turbulence perturbs scenario wind");
+    assert.ok(Number.isFinite(a.state().loadFactorG));
+  });
+
+  it("uses deterministic terrain contact and reports a hard landing", () => {
+    const controller = new AircraftController({
+      mode: "manual",
+      envelope: {
+        minLat: 30,
+        maxLat: 45,
+        minLng: -130,
+        maxLng: -110,
+        minAltitudeM: 0,
+        maxAltitudeM: 6_000,
+      },
+      initialAltitudeM: 104,
+      initialSpeedMps: 22,
+      minimumSpeedMps: 18,
+      stallSpeedMps: 26,
+      terrainElevationM: () => 100,
+      fixedStepSeconds: 0.1,
+    });
+    let touched = false;
+    let hard = false;
+    for (let index = 0; index < 120; index += 1) {
+      controller.stepFixed({ throttle: 0, pitch: -1 });
+      touched ||= controller.state().onGround;
+      hard ||= controller.state().hardLanding;
+    }
+    assert.equal(touched, true);
+    assert.equal(hard, true);
+    assert.equal(controller.state().groundClearanceM, 0);
+    assert.equal(controller.state().altitudeM, 100);
+    assert.equal(controller.state().verticalSpeedMps, 0);
+  });
+
   it("resets exactly, caps sleeping-tab time, and replays bit-for-bit", () => {
     const options = { route: ROUTE, initialAltitudeM: 1_200, initialSpeedMps: 48 } as const;
     const controller = new AircraftController(options);
@@ -218,5 +283,8 @@ describe("aircraft controller", () => {
         maxAltitudeM: 100,
       },
     }), /envelope/);
+    assert.throws(() => new AircraftController({
+      terrainElevationM: 3 as unknown as (lat: number, lng: number) => number,
+    }), /terrain/);
   });
 });